[Social representations of motherhood and pregnancy in adolescents attending their first pregnancy and adolescents with more than one pregnancy]. / Representaciones sociales del embarazo y la maternidad en adolescentes primigestantes y multigestantes en Bogotá

OBJECTIVE: Characterizingze the social representations of motherhood and pregnancy in two groups, adolescents who are attending their first pregnancy and adolescents with more than one pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study used a design based on interpretative and qualitative research method. Our data were collected as a network of associations, depth interviews and participant observation. Individual methodological triangulation from the groups of participants and the whole group were performed. RESULTS: Social representations of pregnancy and childbearing among adolescents in both groups converges on: new social status, fear of family rejection and important decisions. And while the exclusive social representations of the adolescents in their first pregnancy are: the postponement of studies, family and economic dependence and the figure of the father as a provider; those adolescents with more than one pregnancy are linked to school dropout, family and economic independence and the father of the child being the emotional container. Besides, baby ranks a distintic place in both groups. While the figurative nucleous attached wih love is present in women with more than one pregnancy, this is not the care center and such importance becomes relegated to different representation contents. CONCLUSIONS: The study absolutely show that it isn't through ignorance or lack of information that teenagers become pregnant. Teenage pregnancy is a complex phenomenon and the prevention of it should focus on the construction of the subjects to whom specific interventions are targeted.

Chemical and nutritional composition of tejate, a traditional maize and cacao beverage from the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico.

Foam-topped cacao and maize beverages have a long history in Mesoamerica. Tejate is such a beverage found primarily in the Zapotec region of the Central Valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. Historically tejate has been ceremonially important but also as an essential staple, especially during periods of hard fieldwork. However, the nutritional contribution of traditional foods such as tejate has not been investigated. We analyzed tejate samples from three Central Valley communities, vendors in urban Oaxaca markets and one migrant vendor in California, USA for their proximate composition, amino acid content and scores, and mineral and methylxanthine content. Nutritional and chemical variation exists among tejate recipes, however, the beverage is a source of energy, fat, methylxanthines, K, Fe and other minerals although their availability due to presence of phytates remains to be determined. Tejate is a source of protein comparable to an equal serving size of tortillas, with protein quality similarly limited in both. Tejate provides the nutritional benefits of maize, and some additional ones, in a form appealing during hot periods of intense work, and year round because of its cultural significance. Its substitution by sodas and other high glycemic beverages may have negative nutritional, health and cultural consequences.

Nutritive value of diets containing fish silage for juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei (Bonne, 1931).

BACKGROUND: Fish wastes has been used for many years as an alternative in feeds for aquaculture. In the present study weight gain of juvenile white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets including fish waste silage (WS), fish waste silage with soybean meal SBM (WS + S) or fish waste meal (WM) was compared. A conventional acidic silage process was applied to obtain from wastes (skin, heads, bones and viscera) of snapper (Lutjanus spp.), grunt (Haemulon plumieri), and grouper (Epinephelus spp.) an ingredient rich in protein. RESULTS: After 3 days ensilage more than 90% protein was hydrolysed. Waste material processed at pH 3.8 lost about 24% tryptophan. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) prevented lipid oxidation, as shown after 45 days with malonaldehyde production. Shrimp fed WS + S diet gained 0.7 g per week higher than those fed WS and WM diets with 0.3 g per week (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: WS processed with formic acid under conditions of low pH is beneficial for the white shrimp L. vannamei. It sustained reasonable weight gain combined with soybean meal in practical diets. On the other hand, BHT addition was beneficial in preventing oxidative action during silage preparation.

El suicidio en la juventud: una mirada desde la teoría de las representaciones sociales / Suicide in Youth in the Light of Grounded Theory

Introducción: El suicidio es una de las tres primeras causas de muerte en jóvenes, tanto en Colombia como en el mundo. Se abordó el suicidio desde la teoría de las representaciones sociales. La perspectiva cualitativa-interpretativa tuvo en cuenta múltiples dimensiones del fenómeno, mediante la construcción progresiva de los ejes significantes. El principal aporte de este estudio es ofrecer una explicación teórica de la significación del suicidio en los niveles cognitivo, simbólico y práctico desde la visión de los y las jóvenes con o sin intentos de suicidio. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta investigación fue realizar una reconstrucción teórica del fenómeno del suicidio desde la teoría de las representaciones sociales de jóvenes estudiantes de las universidades Surcolombiana, de Neiva, y la Nacional de Colombia, sede Bogotá. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo interpretativo. Se utilizó el diseño metodológico de la teoría fundamentada. Los instrumentos empleados fueron: red de asociaciones, grupos focales, entrevista en profundidad y técnicas de completamiento de frases, dibujos y soportes gráficos. Resultados: Las representaciones sociales del suicidio en la juventud se agruparon en torno a las perturbaciones psíquicas, el drama existencial y los dilemas vitales. Conclusión: Esta reconstrucción teórica evidencia una necesaria transformación en las relaciones entre los jóvenes y los adultos colombianos, que implica que se respeten los derechos de los primeros y se les permita expresar sus sentimientos. De esta forma se podrá influir de manera positiva en la construcción del futuro de este grupo etario.

Introduction: Suicide is among the three main causes of young people's death in the world and Colombia. That is why suicide has been considered here from the social representations theory. A qualitative and interpretative perspective took into account several phenomenon's' dimensions by means of the progressive significant axes construction. The main contribution of this study is a theoretical explanation of suicide meaning at levels such as cognitive, symbolic and practical that can be seen from young people's perspectives that may have had or not suicide tentative. Objective: This research aimed to make a theoretical reconstruction of suicide phenomenon based on SR theory with young students from Surcolombiana University of Neiva and National University of Bogotá. Methods: The study is a qualitative and interpretative one which used the methodological design of the Grounded Theory. Instruments used were: associations' net, focal groups, interviews in depth, fill in the blanks techniques, draws and graphic supports. Results: as results of this research is noteworthy that SR of youth about suicide got into groups according to psychic disturbance, existential drama and vital dilemma. Conclusion: This theoretical reconstruction shows how necessary a change is regarding young and adults relationships in Colombia. The change demands young people's rights to be respected so that they are able mainly to express their feelings. This way it would be possible to influence the future construction of such a group in a positive way.

Representaciones sociales de la relación médico paciente en médicos y pacientes en Bogotá, Colombia / General practitioners and patients' social representations of the doctor-patient relationship in Bogotá, Colombia

Objetivos El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las representaciones sociales de la relación médico paciente en una población de médicos y pacientes de la ciudad de Bogotá. Métodos La muestra estuvo compuesta por 34 participantes, 17 médicos generales (10 hombres y 7 mujeres) y 17 pacientes (9 hombres y 8 mujeres) que asistían o trabajaban bajo el plan obligatorio de salud-POS. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, que utilizó como instrumentos de obtención de la información, la red de asociaciones y la entrevista en profundidad. Resultados Los resultados muestran que la representación social de los médicos se centra en brindar un servicio profesional y humano, en constante peligro por las barreras que impone el paciente y la falta de capacidad del sistema de salud. Por su parte, los pacientes centran su representación social en la capacidad de los profesionales de la salud de brindar un servicio profesional y humano que les permita mejorar su calidad de vida. Conclusiones Las representaciones sociales de los médicos y los pacientes son similares en cuanto a lo que desean dar y recibir de la relación médico paciente y opuestas en cuanto a quién perciben como responsable de no poder cumplir con dichos objetivos.

Objective The present study intended to examine the social representation of the doctor-patient relationship in a sample of patients and doctors in Bogota. Methods The sample consisted of 34 subjects: 17 patients (9 male and 8 female) and 17 general practitioners (10 male and 7 female) who were attended or worked, respectively, under the state's obligatory health plan. The techniques used for collecting information were in-depth interview and association web; these were applied to all subjects in the study. Results The results showed that the doctors' social representation was centred on offering a professional and human service which is in constant danger due to patientimposed barriers and health system capacity. Patients' centred their social representation on the doctors' ability to offer a professional and human service allowing them to improve their quality of life. Patients perceived that doctors who were negligent or dehumanised presented the greatest barrier to them obtaining the necessary implements to manage and improve their quality of life. Conclusions Doctors and patients' social representation were similar regarding what they wanted to give and obtain; however, they conflicted regarding whom they perceived as being responsible for not being able to succeed in accomplishing their objectives.

[General practitioners and patients' social representations of the doctor-patient relationship in Bogotá, Colombia]. / Representaciones sociales de la relación médico paciente en médicos y pacientes en Bogotá, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: The present study intended to examine the social representation of the doctor-patient relationship in a sample of patients and doctors in Bogota. METHODS: The sample consisted of 34 subjects: 17 patients (9 male and 8 female) and 17 general practitioners (10 male and 7 female) who were attended or worked, respectively, under the state's obligatory health plan. The techniques used for collecting information were in-depth interview and association web; these were applied to all subjects in the study. RESULTS: The results showed that the doctors' social representation was centred on offering a professional and human service which is in constant danger due to patient-imposed barriers and health system capacity. Patients' centred their social representation on the doctors' ability to offer a professional and human service allowing them to improve their quality of life. Patients perceived that doctors who were negligent or dehumanised presented the greatest barrier to them obtaining the necessary implements to manage and improve their quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Doctors and patients' social representation were similar regarding what they wanted to give and obtain; however, they conflicted regarding whom they perceived as being responsible for not being able to succeed in accomplishing their objectives.

Role of oxate, phytate, tannins and cooking on iron bioavailability from foods commonly consumed in Mexico.

The objectives of this research were to assess the bioavailability of iron in foodstuffs found in the Mexican diet, to provide data on the content of iron absorption inhibitors present in plant origin products and to assess the inhibitory effect of these compounds and of cooking on iron bioavailability; therefore, total content and bioavailable iron, tannins, phytic and oxalic acid were determined in vegetables, cereals, legumes and animal products, before and after cooking. Vegetables, although rich in iron, have poor iron bioavailability and a high content of inhibitory factors; cooking reduced the content of iron and inhibitory factors, whereas in animal products the treatment of cooking did not significantly reduce it. Iron bioavailability, phytate content and the phytate to iron molar ratio predicted poor iron bioavailability and, therefore, a negative impact on the nutritional status of people who rely on them as staple foods could be expected.

Representaciones sociales del embarazo y la maternidad en adolescentes primigestantes y multigestantes en Bogotá / Social representations of motherhood and pregnancy in adolescents attending their first pregnancy and adolescents with more than one pregnancy

Objetivos Caracterizar las representaciones sociales de la maternidad y el embarazo en adolescentes que están cursando su primer embarazo y en adolescentes con más de un embarazo. Materiales y métodos Investigación cualitativa interpretativa. Como métodos de recolección de información se utilizaron: red de asociaciones, entrevista en profundidad y la observación participante. Se utilizó la triangulación metodológica individual y por grupo de participantes. Resultados Las representaciones sociales del embarazo y la maternidad en adolescentes convergentes en ambas poblaciones (primigestantes y multigestantes) son: nuevo estatus social, miedo al rechazo familiar y decisiones trascendentales. Y las representaciones sociales exclusivas de las primigestantes son: la postergación de los estudios, la dependencia familiar y económica y la figura del padre como proveedor; las de las multigestantes a su vez están ligadas a la deserción escolar, la independencia familiar y económica y el padre del hijo es contenedor emocional. Además, el bebé ocupa un lugar diferenciado en los dos grupos. Mientras que en las multigestantes hace parte del núcleo figurativo de la representación ligado al amor, en las primigestantes no es el centro de atención y queda relegada su importancia frente a otros contenidos de la representación. Conclusiones Definitivamente, el estudio muestra que no es por ignorancia o falta de información que las adolescentes se embarazan. El embarazo adolescente es un fenómeno complejo y la prevención del mismo debería centrarse en las construcciones de los sujetos hacia los cuales se dirigen las intervenciones puntuales.

Objective Characterizingze the social representations of motherhood and pregnancy in two groups, adolescents who are attending their first pregnancy and adolescents with more than one pregnancy. Materials and methods The study used a design based on interpretative and qualitative research method. Our data were collected as a network of associations, depth interviews and participant observation. Individual methodological triangulation from the groups of participants and the whole group were performed. Results Social representations of pregnancy and childbearing among adolescents in both groups converges on: new social status, fear of family rejection and important decisions. And while the exclusive social representations of the adolescents in their first pregnancy are: the postponement of studies, family and economic dependence and the figure of the father as a provider; those adolescents with more than one pregnancy are linked to school dropout, family and economic independence and the father of the child being the emotional container. Besides, baby ranks a distintic place in both groups. While the figurative nucleous attached wih love is present in women with more than one pregnancy, this is not the care center and such importance becomes relegated to different representation contents. Conclusions The study absolutely show that it isn't through ignorance or lack of information that teenagers become pregnant. Teenage pregnancy is a complex phenomenon and the prevention of it should focus on the construction of the subjects to whom specific interventions are targeted.

Effect of malnutrition on the pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil in young rats.

PURPOSE: To determine the pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime axetil in malnourished rats using a diet with a restriction in energy and nutrients (group M), a diet with a low quality protein (group K) and a good quality diet (group C) as a control. METHODS: The rats were fed with the corresponding diet during 21 days. After this period a single oral dose of cefuroxime axetil (equivalent to a 2.2 mg dose of cefuroxime) was administered, and plasma samples were taken at 0, 5, 10, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300 and 360 minutes; samples were assayed using an HPLC assay. Biochemical parameters were also measured an a microscopy study of the small intestine was done. After a 21 day period of recovery of the malnourished groups a second pharmacokinetic study was performed using the same sample times as in the first study. RESULTS: In malnourished animals of group K the levels of plasma proteins were low, and showed higher concentrations of fat in the liver. The relative bioavailability of cefuroxime was 78.2% for group M and 64.4% for group K. Groups M and K presented lower values of area under the curve, which means that the amount of antibiotic absorbed was lower than group C. In the second pharmacokinetic study although the animals received a good quality diet, it was observed that the area under the curve of group K was lower, and the relative bioavailability was 54.3%, while group M had similar pharmacokinetic values than control group. CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime was affected by malnutrition, suggesting that the absorption process via the transporter was modified in the malnourished groups, specially in the group fed with a low quality protein.

Content of nutrient and antinutrient in edible flowers of wild plants in Mexico.

Nutrient and antinutritional/toxic factors present in some edible flowers consumed in Mexico were determined. The edible flowers were: Agave salmiana, Aloe vera, Arbutus xalapensis, Cucurbita pepo (cultivated), Erythrina americana, Erythrina caribaea, Euphorbia radians benth and Yucca filifera. The nutrient content in the flowers studied is similar to that of the edible leaves and flowers studied mainly in Africa. The moisture content of the flowers varied from 860 to 932 g kg(-1). Crude protein (CP) was between 113 to 275 g kg(-1) DM, crude fiber, 104 to 177 g kg(-1) DM and the nitrogen free extract, between 425 to 667 g kg(-1) DM. The highest chemical score (CS) was found in E. americana and A. salmiana; in five samples the limiting amino acid was lysine, and in three of them it was tryptophan. Trypsin inhibitors and hemaglutinnins had a very low concentration. Alkaloids were present in both the Erythrina species and the saponins in A. salmiana and Y. filifera. Cyanogenic glucosides were not found in the studied flowers. The traditional process of preparing these specific flowers before consumption is by cooking them and discarding the broth; in this way the toxic substances are diminished or eliminated. These edible flowers from wild plants consumed in local areas of the country play an important role in the diet of the people at least during the short time of the season where they are blooming.

[Free amino acids in the amniotic fluid and maternal plasma in different periods of the normal pregnancy]. / Concentración de aminoácidos libres en líquido amniótico y en plasma materno en diferentes etapas del embarazo.

OBJECTIVE: To describe changes in the concentration of total free amino acids (TFAA) in amniotic fluid (AF) and in maternal plasma (MP) at different periods of pregnancy, to analyze their differences, and to correlate the composition of the aminograms (AMG). METHODS: A total of 19 free AA. were measured by chromatography in the AF and MP from 18 women with uncomplicated singleton pregnancies, 6 at 16 weeks of gestation (wg), 6 at 28 wg and, 6 at 36 wg. Differences in the TFAA concentration at each gestational age, essential/non-essential, and polar/non-polar AA ratios were calculated. The correlation between the AMG in AF and in MP at each gestational age, was also estimated. RESULTS: In the AF there was a reduction in the concentration of TFAA throughout pregnancy (p = 0.023) whereas, in MP the TFAA concentration did not change. TFAA concentration was lower in AF than in MP at 36 weeks of gestation (p = 0.001). The composition of the AMG in MP did not change during pregnancy with a correlation coefficient between 16 and 28 wg of r = 0.98 (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 0.94-0.99), between 16 and 36 wg: r = 0.95 (95% CI 0.86-0.99) and between 28 and 36 wg: r = 0.93 (95% CI 0.82-0.97). The ratio of essential/non-essential and polar/non-polar AA was also unchanged. In AF, the composition of the AMG changed during pregnancy with a correlation between 16 and 28 wg: r = 0.83 (95% CI 0.59-0.93), and between 16 and 36 wg: r = 0.78 (95% CI 0.49-0.91). This was due to a reduction in the basic AA and an increment in the acid and neutral AA. The correlation between the AMG in AF and in MP at 16 wg was: r = 0.94 (95% CI 0.84-0.96), at 28 wg: r = 0.82 (95% CI 0.57-0.92) and, at 36 wg: r = 0.71 (95% CI 95% 0.37-0.88). CONCLUSION: During pregnancy, TFAA and the AMG in MP remained stable. In AF, TFAA were reduced and the AMG changed towards the end of the pregnancy.

Nutritive evaluation of the seed, germinated seed, and string bean of Erythrina americana and the detoxification of the material by boiling.

The nutritive and toxicological values of the dry seeds, germinated seeds, and string beans of Erythrina americana were studied using raw and boiled samples. Raw germinated seeds had a higher protein content and lower fiber content than dry seeds. The whole string bean had lower protein content and higher fiber content. However, the seeds of the green pod showed the same protein concentration as the dry seeds (dry basis). Boiling and elimination of broth was beneficial in diminishing the alkaloid concentration in all the samples. The trypsin inhibitors, lectins, and tannins were also diminished as was expected. The raw string bean showed the lowest LD(50). Although the total essential amino acids content of the boiled germinated seeds was increased, the quality of protein, protein efficiency ratio (PER), was lower than in boiled dry seeds, and in these, the PER was similar to the control (casein). The present results suggest that for the protein quality and low alkaloid content, the boiled dry seeds and string beans could be used for animal feeding. It could be interesting to test the raw string beans in ruminants since in this stage E. americana showed the lowest toxicity.

Huevo en polvo con bajo contenido de colesterol: características nutricias y sanitarias del producto / Low cholesterol egg powder: nutritive and sanitary characteristics of the product

Se elaboró huevo en polvo con bajo contenido de colesterol para ser empleado en la preparación de diversos alimentos para personas a quienes se les ha restringido el consumo de huevo. Se deshidrataron mezclas de clara y yema en distintas proporciones de estos componentes: Mezcla A (1:1), que corresponde al huevo entero usado como referencia, mezclas B (2:1) y C (3:1) de clara: yema respectivamente y se hizo la caracterización del polvo. Se realizó el análisis químico proximal, evaluación de la calidad proteínica, microbiológica y sensorial, además de averiguar las carácteristicas físicas y reológicas de los polvos. La concentración de grasa y colesterol en la mezcla C (3 claras y 1 yema) se disminuye el 40 por ciento y 20 por ciento respectivamente con respecto al huevo. Por las pruebas microbiológicas las 3 mezclas cumplen con la norma oficial para huevo en polvo. La razón de eficiencia proteínica (REP) en las 3 mezclas fue alta. La mezcla A correspondiente al huevo entero fue de 3.65 y el más bajo fue la mezcla C con el valor de 3.05. Las dietas de harina de maíz nixtamalizado (HMN) con las mezclas A y C dieron valores superiores al patrón de caseína. Las pruebas sensoriales de los alimentos elaborados con todas las mezclas fueron aceptables

Utilización del garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) en fórmulas no lácteas. II. Balance de nitrógeno en niños con intolerancia a lactosa, alimentados con una fórmula a base de garbanzo y un producto comercial de soya / Use of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in non-dairy formulas. II. Nitrogen balance in children with lactose intolerance, fed with a formula based on chickpea and a soybean commercial product

Los niños desnutridos presentan con frecuencia transtornos digestivos que impiden su recuperación al ser alimentados con fórmulas lácteas. Por este motivo se han empleado sustitutos de éstas, de los cuales la soya es el más utilizado. Su disponibilidad irregular y escasa, sin embargo, originó que en este trabajo se evaluara la calidad nutritiva el garbanzo en una fórmula para lactantes, comparativamente con un producto comercial de soya. Se midió el balance de nitrógeno en 17 niños con diferentes grados de desnutrición, siete ingirieron la fórmula de garbanzo y 10 la fórmula de soya. Los porcentajes de absorción (digestibilidad aparente), retención y valor biológico aparente para el garbanzo fueron de 72.6, 26.4 y 35.1 respectivamente, y para la soya de 69.6, 24.3 y 34.0, respectivamente

Utilización del garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) en fórmulas no lácteas. I. Composición química y calidad nutritiva del garbanzo y su comparación con fórmulas infantiles comerciales / Use of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in non-dairy formulas. I. Chemical composition and nutritive quality of the chickpea and its comparison with commercial infant formulas

Se efectuó un estudio para determinar la composición química y la calidad proteínica en ratas (PER, NPR y NPU) del garbanzo (Cicer arietinum) y de diferentes fórmulas infantiles utilizadas como sustitutos de la leche en niños con intolerancia a la lactosa. Las fórmulas utilizadas fueron "Casec" (caseinato de calcio) "Sobee" (polvo a base de soya) y "Plenilac" (leche en polvo), además garbanzo solo o suplementado con metionina y/o triptofano. Los contenidos de proteína y grasa del "Casec" fueron 88% y 2%, respectivamente, en tanto que en el garbanzo, "Sobee" y "Plenila" se encontraron los siguientes valores: 18.9 y 8%, 22 y 18%, 26 y 28% de proteína y grasa, respectivamente. Se determinó que los cuatro alimentos eran deficientes en aminoácidos azufrados, presentando el "Sobee" el puntaje químico más bajo (57), seguido por el garbanzo (62), el "Casec" (68) y por último el "Plenilac" (82). El garbanzo suplementado con metionina fue deficiente en valina (P.Q. 76). Los valores más elevados de PER, NPR y NPU se obtuvieron con el garbanzo suplementado con metionina y con el "Plenilac", mientras que el garbanzo sin suplementar tuvo una calidad proteínica similar al "Casec" y al "Sobee". Por lo tanto, en esta forma o suplementado con metionina, el garbanzo puede utilizarse como un sustituto de leche en niños desnutridos con intolerancia a la lactosa

Evaluación biológica, en ratas y en humanos, de un producto lacteo sin lactosa, y de una fórmula proteínica de soya para uso en la desnutrición proteínico-energética / Biological evaluation, in rats and in humans, of a milk product without lactose, and of a soy bean protein formula for use in protein-calorie malnutrition

Se determinó la calidad de la proteína de soya y de un producto lácteo sin lactosa, aplicando el método del índice de eficiencia proteínica (PER) en ratas, recién destetadas, y por medio del método de balance de nitrógeno (BN) en niños de dos a 12 meses de edad, con diversos grados de desnutrición. El PER de la leche sin lactosa fue de 2,28 +/- 0,46, significativamente superior al de la proteína de soya, la que tuvo un valor de 1,19 +/- 0,26, en tanto que la caseína utilizada como control acusó un PER de 2,71 +/- 0,52. No hubo diferencias significativas entre estas dos fuentes proteínicas en cuanto al balance de nitrógeno, siendo la absorción, para ambos, de alrededor de 80%. Se encontró que los niños menores de seis meses, y más gravemente desnutridos, tenían una mayor retención de nitrógeno y un valor biológico más alto al ingerir el producto sin lactosa que cuando ingirieron la fórmula de soya. Em cambio, los niños de 11 y 12 meses de edad con desnutrición leve o moderada exhibieron mayor retención de nitrógeno y valor biológico aparente al alimentarse con la fórmula de soya que con la láctea. Se considera que los dos productos representan buenas opciones para la recuperación de niños desnutridos con intolerancia a la lactosa